Groeten uit Zwicky Sud – radicaal wonen

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Zwicky Sud is de derde ontwikkeling van genossenschaft Kraftwerk. Net als Kalkbreite heeft ook Kraftwerk wortels in de krakersbeweging uit de jaren ’80. Kraftwerk profileert zichzelf als pionier en vernieuwer op ecologisch en sociaal vlak. Volgens de website is het Genossenschaft “sociaal actief en zet het zich in voor milieu- en sociale kwesties in zijn eigen complexen en daarbuiten.”

Zwicky Sud is gebouwd op een locatie net buiten de gemeente grens van  Zurich.. In tegenstelling tot de meeste genossenschaftprojecten die gerealiseerd worden op gemeentegrond die gepacht wordt, is Zwicky gerealiseerd op een privaat terrein dat is verworven van de familie Zwicky die hier een textielgarenfabriek heeft gehad.

De locatie is behoorlijk ingewikkeld, omdat zij omringd wordt door drukke wegen en spoorlijnen. Om de doelstellingen die Kraftwerk hanteert −een mix van goedkope en duurdere woningen, een sterke mix aan functies en een hoge mate van duurzaamheid− te kunnen realiseren moest een hoge dichtheid worden gebouwd. Dit leidt tot een beperkte grondwaarde per woning, veel bewoners en dus een groot draagvlak voor gemeenschappelijkheid en een functiemix. Omdat het terrein te groot was voor Kraftwerk alleen zijn ze een samenwerking aangegaan met ontwikkelaars Senn en Pensimo.

Het ontwerp is gemaakt door Schneider Studer Primas Architekten. We worden op de locatie zeer uitgebreid rondgeleid door Urs Primas en Ivo Hassler, die projectleider van het project was en nu ook in het gebied woont.

Het plan is heel radicaal in meerdere opzichten. De dichtheid is enorm hoog voor een locatie aan de rand van de stad. Het ontwerp van Primas en Hassler is gebaseerd op drie gebouwtypes; hoge dunne schijven, die als geluidsbuffer het gehele gebied omarmd; dikke gebouwen waarin bijzondere woonvormen zijn gerealiseerd en flexibele lage loodsen waarin ruimte is voor allerlei niet-woon functies.

Ook de materialisering is behoorlijk radicaal voor Zwitserse begrippen. Overheersend materiaal voor constructie en gevels is beton.  De enige toevoegingen zijn vrij sobere meniekleurige stalen hekwerken en de (nu nog niet helemaal volwassen) klimplanten die langs de gevels omhoog worden geleid.

Het radicale stedenbouwkundige concept heeft ook geleid tot radicale woningen. Een voorbeeld is de 4.20m brede, 20m diepe, 6m hoge reihenloft met patio.  In één van de dikke gebouwen zijn eveneens vrij onorthodoxe woningen gerealiseerd. Deze woningen zijn heel diep en smal en worden in het midden van daglicht voorzien door meerdere lichthoven. Een meerwaarde van een diep gebouw is  daarbij   dat een m2 woonoppervlak hier veel goedkoper is dan in een traditioneel gebouw, waarbij de relatief duurdere gevel zwaarder meeweegt in de bouwkosten, vertelt  Primas ons.

Ook bijzonder zijn de groepswoningen. In de woning die we mogen bezoeken is een woongemeenschap gemaakt die de oversteek maakt over één van de gerecyclede bruggen die de dikke blokken verbinden met de dunne schijven. Aan de ene kant van de brug, die deze woongroep gebruikt als gemeenschappelijke buitenruimte, wonen de (eenouder)gezinnen met kinderen, aan de andere kant wonen de singles en de stellen, samen delen ze de keuken en nog een aantal leefruimtes.

Ook in andere genossenschaft projecten hebben we varianten van deze woonvorm gezien. De bewoners die we spraken, misschien niet heel toevallig allemaal eenoudergezinnen, vertellen heel enthousiast over hoe prettig ze het vinden om in een woongemeenschap te wonen. In een stad als Zurich, waar wonen erg duur is, is dit een manier om toch veel wooncomfort te hebben en de nadelen van het alleen wonen weg te nemen.  De woongroep, zoals wij deze woonvorm zouden noemen, is in Zurich nooit weggeweest en heeft zich steeds verder ontwikkeld tot een eigentijdse woonvorm die goed aansluit bij de hedendaagse stedelijk samenleving van veel kleine huishoudens.

Zwicky Sud toont aan dat ontwikkeling met een gedreven, innovatieve en betrokken opdrachtgever die een langdurige binding met het project houdt, een goede voedingsbodem is voor wooninnovaties. Dat is nog het meest duidelijk te zien aan het verschil tussen de Senn en de door Kaftwerk ontwikkelde woningen in Zwicky Sud. De laatste zijn veel radicaler en gedurfder. Ook de rol van de architecten mag daarbij niet onbenoemd blijven. Zij hebben de door Kraftwerk geboden ruimte om te komen met nieuwe oplossingen voor de actuele woonopgave met beide handen aangegrepen. Experimenten in woontypologieën, zoals die zijn gerealiseerd in Zwicky-Sud zijn van groot belang om de innovatie tot stand te brengen die nodig is om in te spelen op de maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen waar we mee te maken hebben.

Capturing cooperatives

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ANA goes Europe continues! Op 17 maart vertrekken we naar Zurich in Zwitserland om het coöperatieve wonen in al zijn facetten te onderzoeken. De stad Zurich heeft een lange traditie van Wohnungsbaugenossenschaften en slaagt erin om aantrekkelijke en betaalbare woonconcepten te ontwikkelen op lastige locaties in een woningmarkt onder hoge druk.
In Zurich spreken we o.a. met Astrid Heijman, directeur Liegenschaftenverwaltung van de stad Zurich over selectieprocessen en kwaliteitssturing, met Res Keller, wohnpolitikactivist en één van de initatiefnemers van de projecten Dreieck en Kalkbreitte over projectontwikkeling van onderop, met Karin Joss van genossenschaft Mehr als Wohnen over experimentele woonconcepten in het Hunziker areal, met Dimphie Slooters, architecte, bewoner van Kalkbreitte en bestuurslid bij genossenschaft Kraftwerk1 over financieringsmodellen en de verschillende rollen in het planproces, met Urs Primas, partner bij Schneider Studer Primas architecten over hun radicale ontwerp voor Zwicky Sud en met Pascal Muller, partner bij Muller Sigrist architecten over hun ontwerpen voor Hunziker areal en Kalkbreitte.

We willen meer te weten komen over collectiviteit, bijzondere woonconcepten, mix van prijsnivo’s en doelgroepen, financieringsmodellen, zeggenschap, doorstroming, tenders en selectieprocessen, ruimtelijke sturing en de voor- en nadelen van opschaling.

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Greetings from Paris: hybrid solutions for the dense city

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During our research project ANA goes Europe, we investigate the role of the architect in the future European housing assignment. The trip we made this autumn led to Paris and its suburbs. The French solutions for matters such as living quality, densification, transformation of the Grand Ensembles and gentrification are instructive for the Dutch practice.

171019-TS-paris routes map

Paris is actually a small city. The city border lies at the Boulevard Périphérique. Within this ring, 2.3 million people live on 105 km2 either 22,000 inhabitants per km2. In comparison, the municipality of Amsterdam has 853,312 inhabitants living on 219 km2 either about 4,000 inhabitants per km2. And as if this is not dense enough? The city of Paris is currently working on a number of very complex projects to further densify the compact city.

La Métropole du Grand Paris
For the last years the housing market in Paris has been under enormous pressure. The average purchase price for an apartment is now € 10,000 per m2. This is unaffordable for most families. Fortunately, France has a system of social housing that is much more extensive than ours. In France they use different price levels depending on the composition of the household and income. Households with a gross income up to € 70,000 per year qualify for social housing. This system enables a diverse and larger group of people to live in the city.

The social rental housing is realized by various housing associations, never the less they cannot meet the demand. As in Amsterdam there are huge waiting lists. At Paris Habitat, the largest housing association in the city, alone 180,000 people are on the waiting list.
The fact that the municipality of Paris is small and surrounded by no less than 350 municipalities, each with its own management, also explains the enormous contrasts in density between inside and outside the ‘ring’. Paris would love to maintain its inhabitants and provide housing for everyone. For this reason the Métropole du Grand Paris has recently been introduced. A partnership between 131 municipalities, including Paris, with the aim of strengthening forces, combating inequalities between the various municipalities and strengthening the role of the Paris region in the world.

Densification of the dense city
The city of Paris wants to increase the share of social housing from 21% as it is now up to 30% in 2030. A very ambitious aim, taking into account that there are almost no building plots left and all remaining construction sites are extremely complex. At the moment a number of locations are under development, many of which lie directly next to the Boulevard Périphérique.

We have spoken to Mélanie Moisain and Anna Carnac of Paris Batignolles, an organization that manages the big building projects for the city of Paris. We talked about the policy of the city of Paris regarding residential construction and about a number of recent development areas such as Clichy Batignolles, a housing project on a former railway yard. Clichy Batignolles has high ambitions: amongst others a park of no less than 10 hectares, 50% social housing, a large program of offices and facilities, moving and overhauling the shunting yard, and very high density housing. According to almost everyone we have spoken to high-rise is not an option, Paris suffers from a serious high-rise trauma since the city built a number of mega high towers in existing neighborhoods in the 1970s. The absolute high (or low) point being the Tour Montparnasse. Recently the city decided on building a bit more high-rise, but certainly not too high and very carefully fitted into the urban fabric. By selling al lot of building land, the city of Paris can finance ambitious development like Clichy Batignolles.

Home, hybrid high-rise
An illustrative statement that shows all ambitions of the city of Paris is the project Home, in Masséna-Bruneseau by Comte & Vollenweider Architects and Hamonic + Masson & Associés. This hybrid ‘tower block’ consists of a block volume that follows the street alignment, defines a clear boundary between the public street and the collective courtyard, and has a public program in the plinth. On the plinth are two residential towers. The highest and most prominent tower contains social housing (€ 10-15 / m2 / month) and the lower tower contains owner-occupied apartments (€ 10,000 / m2). Although the building height of the towers is not that high, only 50 meters, compared to the proposed residential towers in the Amsterdam Sluisbuurt (125m) or in the center of Sloterdijk (90m), this project does show that it is very well possible to develop new urban typologies. Typologies that respond to the need for high densities, introduce new living qualities such as large private outdoor spaces, generate pleasant urban spaces such as well-functioning public streets and collective courts and bring about a social mix.

Göteborg in the mix

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Göteborg is a beautiful, vibrant city, yet it is also a socially and functionally segregated city. In order to accommodate the expected growth of the population, the city of Göteborg has made a vision. In the vision ‘Göteborg Rivercity’, the city has formulated the ambition to transform Göteborg in a city for everyone. ‘Rivercity Göteborg therefore needs to provide a mix of housing, enterprises, jobs, uses and public places that provide room for different expressions.’

The way in which Göteborg wants to achieve this is interesting. By involving the people of the city, but also professionals and institutes like the Chalmers University the city wants to make sustainable plans for the future development of Göteborg. Up until now they are doing that very well. The vision document is filled with pictures of workshops and quotes from the citizens. The big question is if they will succeed in keeping everybody involved and creating truly mixed areas in the building projects as well.

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Typical Swedish housing in Kvillebacken

We have talked to Anna Braide Eriksson, a researcher on housing who teaches at Chalmers university. Chalmers is very involved in the development of the city. Students participate in the development of the city, for example in workshops on Frihamnen, one of the most prestigious development areas on the west bank of the river Älv. Chalmers also participates in ‘real’ projects as a knowledge partner. One of the examples is the project ‘Positive footprint housing’.
Anna is both positive and sceptical. She is very positive about the ambitions of the city, especially in regard to other cities in Sweden. However, she is quite sceptical when it’s about the potential result of this involvement. As an example she mentions Kvillebacken, where the ambitions of the city in order to create a mixed, but delicate and nuanced development of the area were not achieved. The small scale mix of social groups and small businesses that characterised the old area totally disappeared and, according to Anna, have now been replaced by the generic Swedish buildingtypology of 7 to 8 stories apartments.

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Typical Swedish courtyard in Kvillebacken

We also spoke to Josefine Wikholm and Susanne Clase of White architects, one of the largest architecture firms in Sweden. They emphasize that Göteborg needs better functional, social and economical mixed areas and therefor more typological diversity. Both architects live with families in typical Swedish apartments. They immediately add that luckily they also have a weekend house to get out of the dense city and small living space.

It is interesting that White has been acting as an initiator and developer of new typologies. In one of the Millionprogram areas, called Frölunda in the outskirts of Göteborg, they have developed the project ‘Äppelträdgården’. Together with the builder FO Peterson they have realized 19 terraced patiohouses for rent and sale.  This development was not completely without risks, but White found it very important to develop these new typologies and show that this innovation could actually improve the quality of the neighbourhood. For this project they won the Swedish Housing Award 2011.

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New typologies at Äppelträdgården

Göteborg will select the first parties for development of Frihamnen this autumn. Frihamnen will be ‘the testbed for socially sustainable development’. Here the city wants to provide possibilities for new ways of living. It will be very interesting to follow the outcome of this process and see if these possibilities are taken up by developers and architects to generate new urban typologies and new living concepts.

Terraced patiohousing at Äppelträdgården

Terraced patiohousing at Äppelträdgården

Norway, the downside of growth

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Oslo is the fastest growing major city of Europe. The city grows 2% each year and has grown 17% in the last 15 years.
The urbanisation process is relatively new in Norway, were living with nature is in the genes of the people.  But work has brought people to the city, and the city has to provide houses for those who want to move in. The unemployment rate in Norway is very low. Although some people fear a collapsing  bubble after the oil, most people don’t worry too much about the economy, Norway has oil and huge reserves from that. Oslo is ranked number one in terms of quality of life, among European large cities in the European Cities of the future 2012 report by fDi magazine. It is also the second most expensive city in the world, in terms of living expenses (after Tokio).

But there is definitely a downside to this positive story. Building production cannot keep up with the population growth. Therefor the prizes of land and houses are continuously rising. Developers, contractors and also architects make good business in this context. But to build houses that people can afford the tendency is to build smaller and denser. Of course the municipality is trying to regulate this, but the fact is that a family apartment is almost unaffordable for a regular family. One can imagine that lower income families are all pushed to the outer neighbourhoods of the city, whereas the new harbour front developments that form the main part of the city’s building land become inhabited by higher incomes and smaller households.

We have visited Sørenga, one of the newest development areas along the harbour front, close to the Opera and still under construction. Here you can buy a bigger apartment of 110m2 or even 140m2, but the costs are extremely high: 9.900.000 NK for 113m2 (ca. 1,1 miljoen euro).

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Housing in Sørenga

Since the newly build areas are all very much concentrated along the Fjord this automatically leads to stronger segregation in the city. The new areas are hardly mixed in social terms and lack real life. This is also one of the points of critique in the debate among professionals and the public in Oslo. One of the representatives of this opinion is Johnny Aspen, associated professor at the Oslo architecture school, who  talks about ‘zombie urbanism’.

The regulations for building housing in Norway are also quit strict. Bathrooms, master bedrooms and storage space in the apartment are all defined in minimum size. One of the consequences of this is, according to all the architects we have spoken is that, especially in the big mass of smaller apartments, one ends up with relatively big bathrooms, bedrooms and storagerooms and a very tiny living space with a big kitchen and just enough room for a sofa.

Another consequence is that the new areas are very dense. It is obvious that a lot of these very expensive apartments hardly get any sun, especially considering the low position of the sun in Olso. The Barcode project seems to beat all records. Although the area contains mainly office buildings, there are some housing slabs in this masterplan. MAD architects have designed an apartment slab in this area. They have tried to optimize living qualities by making very thin apartments with long facades, but these facades are rather closed and very shaded due to the urban plan. Apparently this is all well accepted in the tight housing market of Oslo. Bu it is also no wonder that all Norwegians dream of a small weekend house in the countryside, and in the middle and upper class the majority has one.

 

Green House

Green House

There are some other more positive stories to tell about Oslo. In terms of densifying the city the work of developer Infill is interesting. Infill limits itself to develop the leftover spaces, the holes in the city’s fabric. On these tiny spots they develop attractive architecture and high living qualities. All their projects have serious roof terraces with real grass, real trees in real soil. We visited the project Green House, that was designed by Element architects. This building definitely adds quality to the neighbourhood. A zone around the building on street level integrates private outdoor spaces, but also public benches and therefor generates interaction with its surroundings. The projects of Infill do not offer more m2 for less money unfortunatly, because they have to work within the same land prize system, but they do add quality and diversity to existing older neighbourhoods.

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Green House roof terrace

green house interaction

Green House

Housing in Sweden, struggle for quality?

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The demand for dwellings in most Swedish cities is enormous. Stockholm in particular has to deal with a huge demand for living space. Until 2030 the amount of 140.000 houses has to be built in the Stockholm region. Politicians put a lot of pressure on the production dwellings in order to be able to house all the citizens. Due this enormous pressure the housing prizes in Stockholm are very high.

This pressure on the housing market makes it hard to realize urban and architectural quality in new housing areas. High density is inevitable when land prizes are high. Striking is that in Stockholm the municipality owns most of the land, Nevertheless, the struggle for housing quality is a hard one.

The building industry in Sweden is dominated by four big building companies who build around 80 percent of the total housing production. They operate both as developers and as total entrepreneurs.  In Sweden, a total entrepreneur takes over the whole process , from design to building, after tendering. This situation differs a lot from other countries. For instance Denmark has around eighteen bigger building firms. These big four Swedish companies have a strong lobby in politics and have a lot of influence on the building sector in Sweden.

We have talked to Anna-Stina Bokander, coordinating project manager for the municipality of Stockholm on the new development area Norra Djurgårdsstaden. This area around the royal Seaport on the eastside of the city is one of the biggest developing sites of Stockholm.
The plots in Norra Djurgårdsstaden are sold to developers and municipal housing companies. In the first phase of the development the plots were sold for the highest prize. In the second phase this strategy has been changed, in order to  generate more spatial quality and more architectural variety. Prizes were fixed by the municipality and the developers were selected through a competition on quality. In this phase the plots were also smaller, in order to create more space for smaller developers and builders. The plans that were selected show indeed a greater variety in comparison to the projects in the first phase.

But the projects of the second phase are not built yet. There is still the risk that a lot of quality is lost in the building preparation phase. In Sweden, architects get an assignment to make a design, but are often not involved in the later stages of projects. It is very common that the projectering, as they call it in Sweden, is done by another, cheaper architect. The original architect plays no further role and is most often not consulted when things are changed in the project, which of course is very likely. ­ All Swedish architects involved in housing complain about this phenomenon.

Still, if you look at this discussion from a Dutch perspective, the Swedish situation is a bit strange. One wonders why there is so much pressure on land and why everyone complains about lack of housing qualities. After all, Stockholm has enough space. It is one of the greenest cities in the world. The city owns most of the land and has the tools to challenge developers to set a standard to housing qualities.

Looking at Hammarby Sjöstad, a very centrally located development area from the ‘90s and 00’s, it seems that the city of Stockholm does have the capacity to make very attractive living environments. In Hammarby Sjöstad the city has developed a dense, mixed living area with good public transport and foremost great outdoor qualities. However, also in Hammarby Sjöstad it is clear that Swedish housing architecture is a bit boring and much of the same. Typological innovation is very scarce. New concepts for urban living patterns do not seem to be developed. So there are some challenges to deal with, but, from a Dutch perspective, it doesn’t look like a mission impossible at all.

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Hammarby Sjöstad

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Hammarby Sjöstad

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Hammarby Sjöstad

After bigness?

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The years 2000-2010 were a period of making big money on big  projects in Copenhagen. A time in which also Ørestad started to be developed. Everything in Ørestad is big! The blocks, the roads, the spaces. Far too big according to the general opinion of people in Copenhagen, both professionals and citizens.  Too big, both in terms of size and in terms of architectural attitude, in which the main focus seemed to have been on creating architectural icons instead of making a dynamic, vibrant city.

From this point of view, an interesting shift is now taking place. The attention in urban development  is now changing. The city architect of Copenhagen, Tina Saaby, told us that in the booming period her department used to focus on the quality of architecture. These days however, the attention is being directed to the interaction of buildings with its surroundings. The objective is much more than before to create more livable areas with dynamic ground floors.

This ambition now becomes visible in a few small-scale developments in some of the new areas. In Islandsbrygge for example we observed some low rise semidetached housing immediately next to few big towers. These row houses appeared to be still a bit lost, they didn’t really create a lively, dynamic new urban fabric. Also in Amager, along the newly made Amager beach, lowrise is being built among highrise towers. Apart from the poor architectonical quality (the attention seemed to have gone to other issues indeed) also here it is hard to imagine  a dynamic, vibrant neighborhood where interaction takes place on ground level.

KAB, the main housing-association in the Copenhagen area, state that projects should not be too big. They have a lot experiences with large estates, such as Farum Midpunkt, that were built in de sixties and seventies. Both from a cost-efficiency and socio-democratic point of view, these estates exist of hundreds of dwellings of the same typology and size. Now times have changed, it appears that with the big scale of the projects, also the problems in the areas are blown up. And the large scale makes it hard to get proposals for improvement through the tenants democracy procedures. Therefore, KAB now aims to build smaller scale projects.

With the projects, also the architectural offices have become bigger in the last decades. Due to the central and important position of the architect in building processes, for an architectural office it is fairly impossible to obtain new projects when the size of the office is under a certain minimum size. The architect is involved in the whole process, up to the controlling during the execution of the building. As a result, offices have to be able to offer a wide range of advice, varying from urban planning, design, to projecting and controlling. According to Jens Kvorning, professor at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture in Copenhagen and specialized in the history and culture of the city planning in Copenhagen, this is why only a few big firms execute the far biggest part of the architectural assignment in Denmark. In Copenhagen, few firms with more than 350 employees are involved in the main part of the projects being build. But also midsize firms, such as Vandkunsten, founded in the seventies, has for a long time been a midsize firm with app. 20 employees, but recently grew to app. 55 persons. Also young offices will only survive when they grow big. For instance COBE has grown to 65 people within 5 years.

The question is if and how Copenhagen can organize smaller scale developments and a better interaction between buildings and urban context. In this respect, planners, architects, the municipality and clients are very interested in the developments that take place in Amsterdam, where  new developments have a smaller scale and where new players in new roles get possibilities to develop new, specific living concepts. This is very appealing to all the people we spoke to in Copenhagen. But at the same time they stated that such a development would be very hard to achieve since the city doesn’t own any of the land and therefor has limited say in the way new areas are developed. Maybe we can organize an exchange of experience between the Danes and the Dutch to inspire the Danes to strengthen small scale developments and the interaction between buildings and public life. In exchange we think the Dutch will be inspired by the way Danish housing associations and architects manage to achieve high quality housing while reducing the costs up to 20%!

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Islandsbrygge large (left) and small (right) developments

Islandsbrygge large (left) and small (right) developments

Islandsbrygge

Islandsbrygge

Amager strandpark highrise seen from the new Amager beach

Amager strandpark highrise seen from the new Amager beach

Amager strandpark - lowrise between the towers

Amager strandpark – lowrise between the towers